If public television is to fulfill our hopes, then the Corporation must be representative, it must be responsible, and it must be long on enlightened leadership. This programming clashed with both the vision of President Johnson to create over-the-air classrooms, and the stated intent of the legislation that would later create the CPB.
But before CPB formally launched in , public affairs had already become a major feature of public broadcasting. By PBS estimated 40 percent of its programming was dedicated to public affairs. This inspired a telecommunications policy official in the administration of President Richard Nixon to ask why it was necessary for taxpayers to fund news programming when commercial broadcasters had already been providing the same service.
Its very existence is a rebuke to a profit-driven society. In his July testimony before an appropriations subcommittee in the U.
PBS claimed its viewers were percent more likely to own such a home. For more than five decades after its launch in many of the most prominent personalities leading and appearing on NPR and PBS have come from the political left-of-center. Presidential campaign that implied Republican candidate Barry Goldwater was likely to start a civilization-destroying nuclear war.
Moyers believes his career has provided balance against a press biased to favor the right-of-center. Supreme Court in Testifying before the U. Senate in , David Boaz of the libertarian Cato Institute described where this had led. I switched to the other station, which was broadcasting a [left-of-center journalist] Daniel Schorr commentary.
The hiring of public broadcasting executives with left-of-center affiliations has led to less concern. Frank Mankiewicz was named president of NPR in The arrangement to trade the names and contact information of donors lasted until it was exposed six years later in A WGBH station manager stated a policy against such deals, supposedly implemented in , had been ignored.
Starting with the administration of President Richard Nixon, Republican Presidents and leaders in Congress have repeatedly tried to reduce or end the taxpayer subsidy for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. The new president was seeking to establish the federal government, rather than private foundations, as the funding influence guiding the public broadcasting system that had recently been created by his predecessor. This failed, as NET continued to produce content President Nixon and his staffers found objectionable.
The problem was compounded by other early public affairs broadcasting choices made by PBS, such as hiring left-of-center political operative Bill Moyers. At an October speech to the National Association of Educational Broadcasters, Nixon staffer Clay Whitehead criticized public broadcasting for its fixation on public affairs, accusing it of taking direction from the Ford Foundation and ignoring the educational and cultural vision suggested by the Carnegie Commission.
In , the FCC reserved educational channels throughout the country; a year later KUHT in Houston, Texas became the first non-commercial educational television station. Congress experimented in funding programming for the new public stations in with the Education Television Facilities Act, but the early support for public stations was unorganized.
They proposed the creation of a Corporation for Public Television to expand federal funding of public television. It was not until , though, when Gardner was in the Johnson cabinet, that the plan was implemented.
The Public Broadcasting Act of established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting CPB , a private, non-profit corporation managed by a nine-member board appointed by the President and approved by the Senate to funnel government support to public stations and producers nationwide. While federal funding for CPB primarily comes from the Departments of Labor-Health and Human Services-Education appropriations bill as a separate entry under the "Related Agencies" section of that bill, it may receive other sources of funding from the federal government.
PBS was created by CPB in to operate and manage a nationwide now satellite program distribution system interconnecting all the local public television stations, and to provide a distribution channel for national programs to those public television stations. Although PBS does not produce programs for its members, it aggregates funding for the creation and acquisition of programs by and for the stations, and distributes programs through its satellite distribution system.
For radio, a different division of responsibilities was established. CPB created National Public Radio NPR in as a news-gathering, production, and program-distribution company governed by its member public radio stations. Unlike its public television counterpart, NPR is authorized to produce radio programs for its members as well as to provide, acquire, and distribute radio programming through its satellite program distribution system.
NPR Inc. These include reviewing and updating of policies and training with respect to the role of NPR journalists appearing on other media outlets, reviewing and defining their roles including those of news analysts in a changing news environment, and encouraging a broad range of viewpoints to reflect the diversity of NPR's national audiences. At the same time these recommendations were announced, Ellen Weiss, vice president of news for NPR, resigned; it was also announced that Vivian Schiller, then president and chief executive at NPR, would not receive a bonus for On March 9, , Ms.
Schiller resigned, over continued scrutiny and criticism over NPR's handling of an incident regarding Ronald Schiller no relation in a taped interview. These incidents brought intense scrutiny to NPR from public policymakers. Approximately 42 million people listen to NPR stations weekly; 3. For funding levels, see Table 1. From the last year of available information, the U. The remaining The largest single income source Federal appropriations which go through CPB to the individual public radio and television stations generally are designated as unrestricted federal funds.
However, member stations also pay NPR fees for content and programming; some contend that federal grant money is supporting part of the revenue streams back to NPR Inc. A history of CPB appropriations is presented in Table 1. Table 1. CPB Federal Appropriations.
Allowance not included in House bill because of lack of authorizing legislation. Transition Quarter funding, during which federal budget year changed from July to September. Includes funds appropriated for the Satellite Replacement Fund. Similarly, the President's budget request did not provide separate funding for digital or, where applicable, interconnection replacement, but would have permitted CPB to use a portion of its general appropriation to fund both.
Reduced 5. There was significant legislative interest and activity regarding federal funding for CPB from the end of the th Congress through the th Congress. During the "lame duck" period of the th Congress in November , Representative Lamborn sought to have his bill considered for floor action in the House, but this action was defeated by a vote of In response, Representative Earl Blumenauer OR defended public broadcasting by stating that "National Public Radio is one of the few areas where the American public can actually get balanced information.
On January 5, , Representative Lamborn introduced H. The first bill, like its predecessor H. The second bill would have prohibited federal funding to organizations incorporated for specified purposes related to 1 broadcasting, transmitting, and programming over noncommercial educational radio broadcast stations, networks, and systems; 2 cooperating with foreign broadcasting systems and networks in international radio programming and broadcasting; 3 assisting and supporting such noncommercial educational radio broadcasting pursuant to the Public Broadcasting Act of ; or 4 acquiring radio programs from such organizations.
In effect, it would have prohibited any individual public radio station from using federal funding to engage in transactions with NPR Inc. Both bills were referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Furthermore, restrictions on the authority of CPB—a Congressionally chartered, independent, nonprofit organization—to make competitive grants to NPR, or any other public broadcasting entity, is misguided. Other legislation was introduced addressing federal support for public broadcasting.
On March 15, , Representative Lamborn introduced H.
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